• Several MAP kinases are involved in

  2025-01-20

  

  Several MAP kinases are involved in the signal transduction pathways that lead to the upregulations of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, transcriptional activations of STATs are regulated by MAP kinases, as evidenced by reports that p38 MAPK is necessary for the S727 phosphorylation of STATs (Kovari

• Apelin is a bioactive peptide and endogenous ligand for the

  2025-01-20

  

  Apelin is a bioactive peptide and endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor (APLNR), a member of the G protein coupled receptor family that shares a similar sequence as the angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1) [5]. Early studies demonstrated that the apelin/APLNR receptor axis plays a significant role in

• br Results Four HT esters butyrate caprylate laurate

  2025-01-20

  

  Results Four HT esters (butyrate, caprylate, laurate and stearate esters) were chosen as representative compounds of increasing lipophilicity (Fig. 1). We will refer to them as C4HT, C8HT, C12HT and C18HT, respectively. They have been synthesized, purified and characterized according to our previ

• Structural and functional imaging studies searching

  2025-01-20

  

  Structural and functional imaging studies searching for specific cortical areas related to each cognitive function domain have provided clues to the spreading patterns of cognitive dysfunction (Domoto-Reilly et al., 2012, Firbank et al., 2016, Li et al., 2012, Machulda et al., 2003, Mandal et al., 2

• br Introduction AMP activated protein kinase AMPK has

  2025-01-20

  

  Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been found to be a key character against cardiovascular diseases and cellular stress. When activated by certain stress, AMPK regulates sugars and fatty acids that are good or detrimental to the heart. For example, targeting AMPK phosphorylation

• br Introduction AMPA receptors AMPARs mediate the

  2025-01-20

  

  Introduction AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the ctab medical abbreviation (Jonas, 2000). The brevity of EPSCs and rapid deactivation of AMPARs depend upon a short lifetime of synaptically released glutamate, estimated to be about

• Astragalus root Recently two distinct small molecule inhibit

  2025-01-20

  

  Recently, two distinct small-molecule inhibitors of PHGDH were identified using high-throughput screens, both of which inhibit de novo serine biosynthesis and show selective toxicity to cancer Astragalus root with high SSP flux [50,51]. The inhibitor NCT-503, which has an IC50 of 2.5μM, reduces the

• The beneficial treatment with several

  2025-01-20

  

  The beneficial treatment with several statins have been evaluated in AD patients (Kivipelto et al., 2005), with controversial results. It has been suggested that statins slow cognitive decline in mild to moderate AD (Miida et al., 2005). Treatment with atorvastatin, combined with other medications,

• In AD and possibly other forms of

  2025-01-20

  

  In AD, and possibly other forms of dementia, it has been suggested that tau mislocalization to dendritic spines anticipates neurodegeneration [48]. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in dendritic spies would cause a derangement of synaptic function, thereby impairing excitatory synaptic transmi

• Activation of AhR is also known to upregulate the expression

  2025-01-20

  

  Activation of AhR is also known to upregulate the expression of AhRR (AhR repressor), an inhibitor protein of AhR [29]. However, the exact mechanism by which AhRR represses AhR signaling is not well understood. The initial study by Mimura and colleagues suggested that AhRR is capable of directly com

• Notably AR and AR signaling can also

  2025-01-20

  

  Notably, β2AR and β3AR signaling can also occur via mechanisms independent from G protein [13]. Additionally, the response to GPCR stimulus can be modified by various parameters, including chronic stimulation, cell hypoxia, acidosis, and aging [14], [15], [16]. GRKs have a significant role in the r

• Medium spiny neurons MSNs in the striatum

  2025-01-20

  

  Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum start from a deeply hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, slowly depolarize and show a delayed start of firing during a current injection (Kawaguchi, 1993, Nisenbaum and Wilson, 1995, Planert et al., 2013). The firing pattern during the current inject

• br Concluding Remarks The effects

  2025-01-20

  

  Concluding Remarks The effects of point mutations of the four ARs on ligand binding affinities, functional potencies, and efficacies constitute a valuable source of pharmacological information. We analyzed the existing data and mapped it on the collection of available AR crystal structures, allow

• The inhibition of the exacerbated

  2025-01-18

  

  The inhibition of the exacerbated inflammatory response that follows injury may be an alternative approach to induce a more efficient repair [17,83]. In line with that, 5-LO is one of the most consolidated targets for dampening inflammation, mainly through the therapeutic effects of 5-LO inhibitors

• The exact etiology of BPH

  2025-01-18

  

  The exact etiology of BPH is not completely understood, however this pathology has been associated with elevated Capsaicin levels of the androgen DHT (10). Thus, a valuable strategy in BHP treatment is the reduction of DHT (10) levels, by inhibiting its biosynthetic production [6], [8]. An importan

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